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D. COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS
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A protocol is a set of rules for how transmissions are to be initiated and maintained between
communication points. These rules are conventions that govern the syntax and sequencing of messages.
Several domestic and international organizations formulate standards for data communications protocols.
These organizations include:
• European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA)
• Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• International Consultative Committee for Telegraphy and Telephony (CCITT)
• National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
• Department of Defense (DOD)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• AT&T and other equipment manufacturers
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