Casio fx-991ES PLUS Calculator User Manual


 
E-14
°,
r
,
g
: These functions specify the angle unit. ° specifies degrees,
r
radians,
and
g
grads. Input a function from the menu that appears when you perform
the following key operation: (DRG). See
3
.
,
: Exponential functions. Note that the input method is different
depending upon whether you are using Natural Display or Linear Display.
See
4
.
log
: Logarithmic function. Use the 5 key to input log
a
b as log (a, b). Base
10 is the default setting if you do not input anything for
a. The key also
can be used for input, but only while Natural Display is selected. In this
case, you must input a value for the base. See
5
.
ln
: Natural logarithm to base e. See
6
.
x
2
, x
3
, x9, , , , x
−1
: Powers, power roots, and reciprocals. Note
that the input methods for
x9, , , and are different depending upon
whether you are using Natural Display or Linear Display. See
7
.
Note: The following functions cannot be input in consecutive sequence: x
2
,
x
3
, x9, x
−1
. If you input 277, for example, the final 7 will be ignored. To
input
2
2
2
, input 27, press the B key, and then press 7.
: Function for performing numerical integration using the Gauss-Kronrod
method. Natural Display input syntax is
a
b
f
(
x
)
, while Linear Display input
syntax is
(
f
(
x
)
, a, b, tol). tol specifies tolerance, which becomes 1 s
10
–5
when nothing is input for tol. Also see “Integration and Differential
Calculation Precautions” and “Tips for Successful Integration Calculations”
for more information. See
8
.
: Function for approximation of the derivative based on the central
difference method. Natural Display input syntax is
dx
d
(
f
(
x
))
x
=
a
, while
Linear Display input syntax is
dx
d
(
f
(
x
)
, a, tol). tol specifies tolerance,
which becomes 1 s10
–10
when nothing is input for tol. Also see “Integration
and Differential Calculation Precautions” for more information. See
9
.
: Function that, for a specified range of f(x), determines sum
(
f
(
x
))
x
=
a
b
=
f(a) + f(a+1) + f(a+2) + ...+ f(b). Natural Display input syntax is
(
f
(
x
))
x
=
a
b
,
while Linear Display input syntax is 3( f(x), a, b). a and b are integers that
can be specified within the range of –1 s10
10
a b 1 s10
10
. See
10
.
Note: The following cannot be used in
f(x), a, or b: Pol, Rec, °, d/dx, 3.
Pol, Rec : Pol converts rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates, while
Rec converts polar coordinates to rectangular coordinates. See
11
.
Pol(x, y) = (r, θ) Rec(r, θ) = (x, y)
Rectangular Polar
Coordinates (Rec) Coordinates (Pol)
Specify the angle unit before
performing calculations.
The calculation result for
r and θ
and for
x and y are each assigned
respectively to variables X and Y.
Calculation result
Q
is displayed
in the range of −180°
Q
180°.