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Glossary
Frame Relay Forum: A non-profit organization of 300+ vendors and service providers, based in Foster City, CA, that are developing
and deploying frame relay equipment.
Frame Relay Implementors Forum: A group of companies supporting a common specification for frame relay connection to link
customer premises equipment to telco network equipment. Their specification supports ANSI frame relay specs and defines extensions
such as local management.
Frame Relay Access Device (FRAD): A piece of equipment that acts as a concentrator or frame assembler/dissassember that can
support multiple protocols and provide basic "routing" functions.
G
Gateway: 1. Afunctional unit that interconnects two computer networks with different network architectures. A gateway connects
networks or systems of different architectures. A bridge interconnects networks or systems with the same or similar architectures. 2. A
network that connects hosts.
Graphical User Interface (GUI): A type of computer interface consisting of a visual metaphor of a real-world scene, often of a desktop.
Within that scene are icons, representing actual objects, that the user can access and manipulate with a pointing device.
H
Handshaking: A process that two modems go through at the time of call setup to establish synchronization over the data communica-
tions link. It is a synchronization and negotiation process accomplished by the exchange of predefined, mutually recognized control
codes.
High-level Data Link Control (HDLC): An ISO standard, bit-oriented data communications protocol that provides nearly error-free data
transfers.
I
Hexadecimal: A base 16 numbering system used to represent binary values. Hex uses the numbers 0-9 and the letters A-F: usually
notated by an "h" (e.g., "4CF h", read "four charley fox, hex"). The result is that one hex digit represents a 4-bit value.
Implicit congestion management: A method of informing the terminal that the network is busy. This method relies on the end-system
protocol to detect and fix the congestion problem. (TCP/IP is an example of a protocol using only implicit congestion management.)
See also "explicit congestion management".
In-band: Refers to the type of signalling over the conversion path on an ISDN call. Contrast "out-of-band".
Insufficient Ones: A T1 error condition that is logged when less than one 1 in 16 0s or less than 12.5 % average 1s density is
received.
Inter Exchange Carrier (IEC): The long distance company (LE) who's central office provides the point of reference for T1 access. Any
common carrier authorized by the FCC to carry customer transmissions between LATAs.
Internet: Refers to the computer network of many millions of university, government and private users around the world. Each user has
a unique Internet Address.
Internet Address (IP Address): A unique 32-bit address for a specific TCP/IP host on a network. Normally printed in dotted decimal
format (e.g., 129.128.44.227).
Internet Protocol (IP): A protocol used to route data from its source to its destination in an Internet environment. The Internet Protocol
was designed to connect to local area networks. Although there are many protocols that do this, IP refers to the global system of
interconnecting computers. It is a highly distributed protocol (each machine only worries about sending data to the next step in the
route).
Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX): A NetWare communications protocol used to route messages from one node to another. IPX
packets include network addresses and can be routed from one network to another. An IPX packet can occasionally get lost when
crossing networks, thus IPX does not guarantee delivery of a complete message. Either the application has to provide that control, or
NetWare's SPX protocol must be used.
Interoperable: Devices from different vendors that can exchange information using a standard's base protocol.
I/O Addresses: Locations within the I/O address space of your computer used by a device, such as an expansion card, a serial port, or
an internal modem. The address is used for communication between software and a device.
IRQ Level (Interrupt Request Level): The notification a processor receives when another portion of the computer's hardware requires
its attention. IRQs are numbered so that the device issuing the IRQ can be identified, and so IRQs can be prioritized.