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Understanding Netopia NAT Behavior C-5
Now both IP packets have the exact same source IP address (200.1.1.40) and source ports (400). The Netopia
R9100 is then able to distinguish between the two IP packets by changing the source TCP or UDP ports and
keeping this information in an internal table. As seen above, the source port for Workstation A has been
changed to 5001 and the source port for Workstation B has been changed to 5002.
If you were to look at the internal port mapping table that is maintained by the Netopia R9100, it would look
similar to the following:
With this information the Netopia R9100 can determine the appropriate routing for an IP response from the
Internet. In this case, when the WWW server responds with a destination port of 5001, the Netopia R9100 can
see that this packet's destination on the local LAN interface is actually Workstation A at IP address
192.168.5.2. Likewise, with the response for port 5002, the Netopia R9100 can see that this packet's
destination on the local LAN interface is actually Workstation B at IP address 192.168.5.3.
Exported services
Note that this “automatic” port remapping and IP address substitution only works in one direction – for IP
packets that originated on the LAN interface destined to the WAN interface and the Internet. In order for port
remapping and IP address substitution to work in the other direction – that is, hosts on the Internet that want to
originate an IP packet destined to a host on the Netopia R9100s LAN interface – a manual redirection of TCP or
UDP ports as well as destination IP addresses within the Netopia R9100 is required. This manual port
remapping and IP address substitution is accomplished by setting up exported services.
Exported services are essentially user-defined pointers for a particular type of incoming TCP or UDP service
from the WAN interface to a host on the local LAN interface. This is necessary since the Netopia R9100 and
thus the attached local LAN has only one IP presence on the WAN interface and Internet. Exported services
allows the user to redirect one type of service – for example Port 21 (FTP) – to a single host on the local LAN
interface. This will then allow the Netopia R9100 to redirect any packets coming in from the Internet with the
defined destination TCP or UDP port of port 21 (FTP) to be redirected to a host on the local LAN interface.
For example, suppose the WWW server on the Internet with the IP address of 163.176.4.32 wants to access
Workstation B on the Netopia R9100s local LAN interface which is operating as an FTP server. The IP address
for Workstation B is 192.168.5.3, which is not a valid IP address, and thus the WWW server on the Internet
cannot use this IP address to access Workstation B.
The WWW server on the Internet would then have to use the single valid IP address that was acquired on the
Netopia R9100's WAN interface to access any host on the Netopia R9100's local LAN interface, since this is
the only valid address for the Internet. But if the WWW server on the Internet opens a connection to 200.1.1.40
via port 21 (FTP) and no exported services are defined on the Netopia R9100, the Netopia R9100 will discard
the incoming packet since the Netopia R9100 itself does not perform the requested service.
You can see why exported services are necessary. In the example above, an Exported Service needs to be
defined within the Netopia R9100 redirecting any incoming IP traffic with a destination port of 21 to the host on
the local LAN interface with the IP address of 192.168.5.3.
Source LAN IP Source LAN Port Remapped LAN Port
192.168.5.2 TCP 400 TCP 5001
192.168.5.3 TCP 400 TCP 5002