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Resetting the parameter RAM—
a useful troubleshooting technique
Problems that relate to starting up the computer may result from
damage to the information stored in part of the computer’s memory
known as the parameter RAM, or PRAM. Consequently, resetting the
PRAM is a good technique to correct a number of unexplained
problems.
Resetting the PRAM erases the contents of your RAM disk, if you have
set one up. The process also restores the default settings in most control
panels. After you reset the PRAM, be sure to check any custom settings
you made for the desktop pattern, memory, network, AppleTalk,
trackpad, power conservation, and so forth. Resetting the PRAM also
resets the power manager. Resetting the PRAM does not change or
erase the contents of your hard disk.
Follow these steps to reset the PRAM:
1. Lo ca te the keys x (Command), Option, P, and R.
2. Make sure the Caps Lock key is not down.
3. Restart your Macintosh. Immediately after hearing the startup sound,
press the x, Option, P, and R keys simultaneously.
If you don’t hold down the key combination within 5–10 seconds
after you restart, you may need to repeat steps 1–3.
4. Hold down the keys until you hear the startup sound again. Then
release the keys.
5. If the computer shuts itself off, press the reset button on the back of
the computer to turn it back on.
(You may have to press the reset button more than once. The startup
sound signals that the computer is starting up.)
6. When the computer has finished starting up, restore any custom
control panel and network settings.
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Tips and Troubleshooting