Filter
Top Products
6-4 Maxtor Atlas 10K V
digital address data. The digital portions of the spoke data are read and used to locate
the desired track, spoke, and head number. The quadrature analog signal portion is
detected and used by a servo feedback control loop to precisely position the head on
the track center.
6.8 DATA INTEGRITY AND SECURITY
The disk drives use a combination of parity checking, error detection coding (EDC),
error correction coding (ECC), and checkpointing to protect stored data from media
errors, transfer or addressing errors, or errors introduced during block reallocation.
6.8.1 Media Error Protection
To ensure that data read is the same as data written, the drive computes and appends
an Error Correction Code (ECC) to each block of data stored. The drive uses a 352-
bit Reed Solomon code with a 4:1 interleave, which can correct up to 20 bytes in
each block.
The drive can also correct up to 2 bytes per interleave (up to 8 per block) in hardware
(“on-the-fly”), with no loss in throughput.
6.8.2 Transfer Error Protection
An end-to-end error detection code (EDC) protects data from any errors introduced
by internal buses, the disk controller chip, the data cache, or the SCSI interface.
An EDC is calculated and added to each data block as the data arrives from the SCSI
bus (after SCSI bus parity is checked). The EDC is stored with the data and protected
by the block ECC for added security. On reading or writing, the EDC is checked as
the data is transferred between buffer RAM and the media or the SCSI bus.
6.8.3 Addressing Error Protection
Each data block on the media is identified and located by a servo spoke address. The
spoke address consists of a two-byte word. Each spoke has multiple copies of the least
significant bytes of the address. The disk hardware requires that a majority of the
copies agree and that the result agrees with the expected head, track, and spoke
number, before it will read or write the data.
To further protect against addressing errors, the logical address (LBA) of the data is
added to the EDC of each block. If data is written to the wrong block and
subsequently read, or read from the wrong block, the error will be flagged.
The hardware does not allow a blind read of a data block; the firmware must request
specific data blocks. Even if the head selection hardware malfunctions, it is not possible
for the drive to return data from the wrong head.
6.8.4 Data Sector Reallocation Error Protection
In any SCSI disk drive, bad blocks may be reallocated. However, a power failure or
unrecoverable data could threaten data integrity during a block reallocation.
The reallocation and defect list storage algorithms prevent a reallocation from being
lost due to a power failure. Once a reallocation starts, the information about the data
block to be moved is stored on the media. As the reallocation progresses, checkpoint