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Glossary
Line Termination (LT): The electronics at the ISDN network side of the user/network interface that complements the NT1 at the user side.
The LT and the NT1 together provide the high-speed digital line signals required for BRI access.
Listed Directory Number (LDN): The main number assigned by the telco; the number listed in the telephone directory and also provided by
Directory Assistance. Some devices can have more than one LDN, such as ISDN devices that have one LDN for voice and another LDN for
data.
Local Area Network (LAN): 1) A computer network located on a user's premises within a limited geographical area. Communication within a
local area network is not subject to external regulations; however, communication across the LAN boundary may be subject to some form of
regulation. 2) A LAN does not use store and forward techniques. 3) A network in which a set of devices are connected to one another for a
communication and that can be connected to a larger network.
Local Access and Transport Area (LATA): A post-divestiture geographical area generally equivalent to a Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Area. At divestiture, the territory served by the Bell system was divided into approximately 161 LATAs. The Bell Operating Companies
(BOCs) provide Intra-LATA services.
Local Exchange Carrier (LEC): The local phone company which provides local (not long distance) transmission services. AKA "telco".
LECs provide T1 or FT1 access to LDCs unless the T1 circuit is completely intra-LATA. Inter-LATA T1 circuits are made up of a combination
of Access and Long Haul facilities.
Local Management Interface (LMI): A specification for frame relay equipment that defines status information exchange.
Local Loop: A transmission path, typically twisted-pair wire, between an individual subscriber and the nearest public telecommunications
network switching center. The wires provide ISDN service, but require an NT1 at the user end and an LT at the network end. AKA, "loop" or
"subscriber loop".
Logical Link Control (LLC2): In a local area network, the protocol that governs the exchange of transmission frames between data stations
independently of how the transmission medium is shared. The LLC2 protocol was developed by the IEEE 802 commitee and is common to
all LAN standards.
Logical Unit (LU): A type of network accessible unit that enables end users to gain access to network resources and communicate with each
other.
Long Haul: The T1 element that connects to the Access portion of the long distance company's (LDC's) central office. The LDC is commonly
called the point of presence (POP). Each LDC has a number of POPs, located throughout the country. The LDC is also called an IEC (Inter
Exchange Carrier).
Management Information Base (MIB): A database of network management information used by the Common Management Information
Protocol (CMIP) and the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).
Megacom: An AT&T service with a normal WATS line (typically T1) between the customer premise and the AT&T serving class 4 CO are the
customer's responsibility.
MegaLink: BellSouth's leased T1 service.
Message: Associated with such terms as packet, frame, and segment. 1) In information theory, an ordered series of characters intended to
convey information. 2) An assembly of characters and sometimes control codes that is transferred as an entry from an originator to one or
more recipients.
Modem: A communications device that enables a computer to transmit information over a telephone line. It converts the computer's digital
signals into analog signals to send over a telephone line and converts them back to digital signals at the receiving end. Modems can be
internal and fit into an expansion slot, or external and connect to a serial port.
Multiplexer (Mux): 1) A device that takes several input signals and combines them into a single output signal in such a manner that each of
the input signals can be recovered. 2) A device capable of interleaving the events of two or more activities or capable of distributing the
events of an interleaved sequence to the respective activities. 3) Putting multiple signals on a single channel.
Multiprotocol: A device that can interoperate with devices utilizing different network protocols.
Multithreading: The ability of a software system to be able to handle more than one transaction concurrently. This is contrasted to the case
where a single transaction is accepted and completely processed before the next transaction processing is started.
N
Nailed Connection: A permanent or dedicated circuit of a previously switched circuit or circuits.
Nailed-up Circuit: A semipermanent circuit established through a circuit-switching facility for point-to-point connectivity.
NAK (Negative Acknowledgment): Communications code used to indicate that a message was not properly received, or that a terminal
does not wish to transmit. Contrast with ACK.
Network: A group of computers connected by cables or other means and using software that enables them to share equipment, such as
printers and disk drives to exchange information.
Node: Any point within a network which has been assigned an address.