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Forward Delay
After a recalculation of the spanning tree, the Forward Delay parameter regulates the delay before each port
begins transmitting traffic. If a port begins forwarding traffic too soon (before a new root bridge has been
selected), the network can be adversely affected. The default value for Forward Delay is 15 seconds.
Note: The above parameters (Hello Time, Maximum Age, and Forward Delay) are constrained by the
following formula:
(Hello Time + 1) <= Maximum Age <= 2 x (Forward Delay – 1)
In general, reducing the values of these timers will make the spanning tree react faster when the topology
changes, but may cause temporary loops as the tree stabilizes in its new configuration. Increasing the
values of these timers will make the tree react more slowly to changes in topology, but will make an
unintended reconfiguration less likely. All of the bridges on the network will use the values set by the root
bridge. It is only necessary to reconfigure that bridge if changing the parameters.
7.2.3 Spanning Tree Port Configuration
To set the Port Priority and Port Path Cost values for STP, access the Spanning Tree/Port Settings screen
(console or telnet), or the Spanning Tree/Port Settings page (in the Web interface).
Port Priority
The port priority is a spanning tree parameter that ranks each port, so that if two or more ports have the
same path cost, the STP selects the path with the highest priority (the lowest numerical value). By changing
the priority of a port, it can be more, or less, likely to become the root port. The default value is 128, and the
value range is 0 – 255.
Port Path Cost
Port path cost is the spanning tree parameter that assigns a cost factor to each port. The lower the assigned
port path cost is, the more likely that port will be accessed. The default port path cost for a 10 Mbps or 100
Mbps port is the result to the equation:
Path cost = 1000/LAN speed (in Mbps)
Therefore, for 10 Mbps ports, the default port path cost is 100. For 100 Mbps ports, it is 10. To allow for
faster networks, the port path cost for a 1000 Mbps port is set by the standard at 4.
7.3 Full Duplex, Flow Control, and Auto-negotiation
These switching concepts are all related to maintaining a high rate of data transmission necessary for an
efficient network.
7.3.1 Full Duplex
Traditionally, Ethernet has operated in half-duplex mode, meaning that a node or workstation could either
send or receive data, but not both simultaneously. Now, with the use of structured wiring using Unshielded
Twisted Pair cabling and switched Ethernet, a workstation may operate in full-duplex mode, sending and
receiving data at the same time. The ability to use full-duplex mode can potentially double the basic capacity
of the channel, so that a Fast Ethernet connection may carry up to 200 Mbps.
In order to use full-duplex, an Ethernet station must have separate channels to send and receive data. UTP
cabling provides this, whereas the older coaxial Ethernet did not. The station must also have a direct
connection to a switched port. A station connected to only a repeater cannot operate in full-duplex mode.
Also, it is critical that both ends of the Ethernet link “agree” on whether the link will operate in full- or half-
duplex. See 7.3.3 Auto-Negotiation for more details.