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Appendix
ln x
log x
e
x
10
x
x
-
1
x
2
x
n!
a
b
(^)
b
a
nPr
nCr
dec
bin
oct
hex
Function Calculation range Notes
ln x = log
e
x
e
.
=
.
2.71828...
x ≠ 0
n is an integer or
integer
+ 0.5
a
b
= 10
b·log a
b
a
= 10
1
a
log b
n and r are positive
integers
x is an integer
1
× 10
-
99
≤ x < 1 × 10
100
-1 × 10
100
< x ≤ 230.2585092
-1 × 10
100
< x < 100
|x| < 1 × 10
100
|x| < 1 × 10
50
0 ≤ x < 1 × 10
100
-0.5 ≤ n ≤ 69.5
When a > 0:
-1 × 10
100
< b log a < 100
When a = 0:
0 < b < 1 × 10
100
When a < 0:
b is an integer, or
1
b
is an odd number (b ≠ 0)
However, -1 × 10
100
< b log |a| < 100
When b > 0:
-1 × 10
100
<
1
a
log b < 100, a ≠ 0
When b = 0:
0 < a < 1 × 10
100
When b < 0:
a is an odd number, or
1
a
is an integer (a ≠ 0)
However,
-1 × 10
100
<
1
a
log |b| < 100
0 ≤ r ≤ n ≤ 69
Decimal: |x| ≤ 9999999999
Binary: 1000000000000000 ≤ x
≤ 1111111111111111
0 ≤ x ≤ 0111111111111111
Octal: 4000000000 ≤ x ≤ 7777777777
0 ≤ x ≤ 3777777777
Hexadecimal: FDABF41C01 ≤ x ≤ FFFFFFFFFF
0 ≤ x ≤ 2540BE3FF