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2 Glossary
API
Application Programming Interface. An API is a series of functions that programs
can use to make the operating system do routine or repetitive tasks. Using Windows
APIs, for example, a program can open windows, files, and message boxes (as well
as perform more complicated tasks) by passing a single instruction. Windows has
several classes of APIs that deal with telephony, messaging, and other issues.
APM
Advanced Power Management. An API developed by Intel and Microsoft that
allows developers to include power management in the BIOS. APM defines a layer
between the hardware and the operating system that effectively shields the
programmer from hardware details.
application programs
Software designed to perform specific functions or a group of functions, like
solving business or mathematical problems. Examples of applications include word
processing, communications, or database management.
architecture
A general term for the design and construction of computer systems, particularly
hardware, but also operating systems and networks. The circuitry within a chip is
called its architecture; for example, Intel architecture can refer to a computer based
on the Intel Celeron, Pentium II, or Pentium III chips.
archive
Copying one or more files to a different location for long-term data storage,
especially for backup and security purposes. Files can then be added to or deleted
from the archive. Also refers to the location where data is stored.
ASIC
Application Specific Integrated Circuit. A chip designed for use on a particular
circuit board, or for a very narrow range of use. The digital signal processor chip on
a modem is an ASIC.
asynchronous
Refers to operations that do not require the clocks of communicating devices to be
coordinated. Instead, the devices send signals to each other indicating readiness to
receive or send. Compare synchronous.
asynchronous cache
The slowest, most inexpensive type of secondary SRAM cache, running at speeds
of 15 to 20 ns.
ATA
AT Attachment. A standard for connecting hard drives or other devices to an AT
bus; synonymous with IDE.
AT bus
The AT bus system with support chips (DMA, PIC, etc) and a 16-bit bus slot. The
AT bus is strictly defined by ISA.